Psalm 32 v20-22

The final verses of  Psalm 32 provide reassurance for us of God's help and protection.

20	V	Anima nostra sústinet Dóminum: * quóniam adjútor et protéctor noster est.
	JH	Anima nostra expectauit Dominum: auxilium nostrum et clipeus noster est.
		ἡ ψυχὴ ἡμῶν ὑπομένει τῷ κυρίῳ ὅτι βοηθὸς καὶ ὑπερασπιστὴς ἡμῶν ἐστιν

Note that the Hebrew (and translations based on it) use the word shield, rather than protector.  This may seem like a minor nuance in meaning, but in fact reflects a general divide between the Hebrew Masoretic Text and the Greek Septuagint, where the latter often promotes the idea of God as the one who lifts or holds us up, sustains and receives us, rather than the the idea of a shield (cf for example Psalm 3).

DR	Our soul waits for the Lord: for he is our helper and protector.
Brenton	Our soul waits on the Lord; for he is our helper and defender.
RSV	Our soul waits for the LORD; he is our help and shield.
Knox	Patiently we wait for the Lord’s help; he is our strength and our shield;
Cover	Our soul hath patiently tarried for the Lord; for he is our help and our shield.
Grail	Our soul is waiting for the Lord. The Lord is our help and our shield.

Cassiodorus provides a wonderful explanation of the virtue of patience:

"The psalmists word sustinet reflects the patience of the Christian so that the just enticed by future rewards may persevere in constancy of mind....Patience is what makes glorious martyrs, what guards the blessings of our faith, what conquers all adversity not by wrestling but by enduring, not by grumbling but by giving thanks.  Patience represses the extravagance which beguiles us.  It overcomes hot anger, it removes the envy which ravages the human race, it makes men gentle, it smiles becomingly on the kind, and it orders men who are cleansed to attain the rewards that are to come.  Patience wipes away the dregs of all pleasure, patience makes souls pure.  Through patience we soldier for Christ, through it we conquer the devil, through it we blessedly attain the kingdom of heaven.....He is our Helper when we try to reach him with the aid of grace, our Protector when we confront the enemy...."

  

21	V	Quia in eo lætábitur cor nostrum: * et in nómine sancto ejus sperávimus.
		et in ipso laetabitur cor nostrum et in nomine sancto eius speravimus
	JH	In ipso enim laetabitur cor nostrum, quia in nomine sancto eius sperauimus.
		ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ εὐφρανθήσεται ἡ καρδία ἡμῶν καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τῷ ἁγίῳ αὐτοῦ ἠλπίσαμεν

DR	For in him our heart shall rejoice: and in his holy name we have trusted.
Brenton	For our heart shall rejoice in him, and we have hoped in his holy name.
Cover	For our heart shall rejoice in him, because we have hoped in his holy Name.
Grail	In him do our hearts find joy. We trust in his holy name.

Trust in God brings joy, St Augustine explains:

"For our heart shall rejoice in Him: for not in ourselves, wherein without Him there is great need; but in Himself shall our heart rejoice. And we have trusted in His holy Name; and therefore have we trusted that we shall come to God, because unto us absent has He sent, through faith, His own Name."

  

22	V	Fiat misericórdia tua, Dómine, super nos: * quemádmodum sperávimus in te.
		fiat Domine misericordia tua super nos sicut speravimus in te.
	JH	Sit misericordia tua, Domine, super nos, sicut expectauimus te.
		γένοιτο τὸ ἔλεός σου κύριε ἐ{F'} ἡμᾶς καθάπερ ἠλπίσαμεν ἐπὶ σέ

DR	Let your mercy, O Lord, be upon us, as we have hoped in you.
Brenton	Let thy mercy, O Lord, be upon us, according as we have hoped in thee.
Cover	Let thy merciful kindness, O Lord, be upon us, like as we do put our trust in thee.
Grail	May your love be upon us, O Lord, as we place all our hope in you.

The Fathers and Theologians saw this verse as referring to the Incarnation.  Cassiodorus, for example, commented:

"With these words he was longing for the fulfilment of the Lord's incarnation, which he eagerly awaited with burning spirit...."

Similarly, St Thomas Aquinas notes that this verse alludes to the effect of prayer:

"...for prayer is the interpreter of hope, and thus follows hope. Now whatever particular benefit exists from divine mercy, two especially are of this. First, is the benefit of the incarnation: 'Through the bowels of the mercy of our God' (Luke 1:78), etc. 'Let thy mercy, O Lord, be upon us' (Psalm 32:22), that you may receive the flesh and liberate us, 'upon us' meaning 'beyond our merit'. Salvation is the other benefit, and this is beyond us: 'Not by the works of justice which we have done, but according to his mercy, he saved us' (Titus 3:5). 'As we have hoped in thee' (Psalm 32:22), because 'no one hath hoped in the Lord, and hath been confounded' (Sirach 2:10)."

Psalm 32: Exsultáte, justi in Dómino

Vulgate	Douay-Rheims
Psalmus David.	A psalm for David.
1 Exsultáte, justi in Dómino: * rectos decet collaudátio.	Rejoice in the Lord, O you just: praise becomes the upright.
2  Confitémini Dómino in cíthara: * in psaltério decem chordárum psállite illi.	2 Give praise to the Lord on the harp; sing to him with the psaltery, the instrument of ten strings
3  Cantáte ei cánticum novum: * bene psállite ei in vociferatióne.	3 Sing to him a new canticle, sing well unto him with a loud noise.
4  Quia rectum est verbum Dómini, * et ómnia ópera ejus in fide.	4 For the word of the Lord is right, and all his works are done with faithfulness.
5  Díligit misericórdiam et judícium: * misericórdia Dómini plena est terra.	5 He loves mercy and judgment; the earth is full of the mercy of the Lord.
6 Verbo Dómini cæli firmáti sunt: * et spíritu oris ejus omnis virtus eórum.	6 By the word of the Lord the heavens were established; and all the power of them by the spirit of his mouth:
7  Cóngregans sicut in utre aquas maris: * ponens in thesáuris abyssos.	7 Gathering together the waters of the sea, as in a vessel; laying up the depths in storehouses.
8  Tímeat Dóminum omnis terra: * ab eo autem commoveántur omnes inhabitántes orbem.	8 Let all the earth fear the Lord, and let all the inhabitants of the world be in awe of him.
9  Quóniam ipse dixit, et facta sunt: * ipse mandávit, et creáta sunt.	9 For he spoke and they were made: he commanded and they were created.
10  Dóminus díssipat consília Géntium: * réprobat autem cogitatiónes populórum et réprobat consília príncipum.	10 The Lord brings to nought the counsels of nations; and he rejects the devices of people, and casts away the counsels of princes.
11  Consílium autem Dómini in ætérnum manet: * cogitatiónes cordis ejus in generatióne et generatiónem.	11 But the counsel of the Lord stands for ever: the thoughts of his heart to all generations.
12 Beáta gens, cujus est Dóminus, Deus ejus: * pópulus, quem elégit in hereditátem sibi.	12 Blessed is the nation whose God is the Lord: the people whom he has chosen for his inheritance.
13  De cælo respéxit Dóminus: * vidit omnes fílios hóminum.	13 The Lord has looked from heaven: he has beheld all the sons of men.
14  De præparáto habitáculo suo * respéxit super omnes, qui hábitant terram.	14 From his habitation which he has prepared, he has looked upon all that dwell on the earth.
15  Qui finxit sigillátim corda eórum: * qui intélligit ómnia ópera eórum.	15 He who has made the hearts of every one of them: who understands all their works.
16  Non salvátur rex per multam virtútem: * et gigas non salvábitur in multitúdine virtútis suæ.	16 The king is not saved by a great army: nor shall the giant be saved by his own great strength.
17  Fallax equus ad salútem: * in abundántia autem virtútis suæ non salvábitur.	17 Vain is the horse for safety: neither shall he be saved by the abundance of his strength.
18 Ecce óculi Dómini super metuéntes eum: * et in eis, qui sperant super misericórdia ejus :	18 Behold the eyes of the Lord are on them that fear him: and on them that hope in his mercy.
19  Ut éruat a morte ánimas eórum: * et alat eos in fame.	19 To deliver their souls from death; and feed them in famine.
20  Anima nostra sústinet Dóminum: * quóniam adjútor et protéctor noster est.	20 Our soul waits for the Lord: for he is our helper and protector.
21  Quia in eo lætábitur cor nostrum: * et in nómine sancto ejus sperávimus.	21 For in him our heart shall rejoice: and in his holy name we have trusted.
22  Fiat misericórdia tua, Dómine, super nos: * quemádmodum sperávimus in te.	22 Let your mercy, O Lord, be upon us, as we have hoped in you.

Psalm 32 v6-9

Verses 6-9 of Psalm 32 point us to the Son as the Word of God.

6	V/OR	Verbo Dómini cæli firmáti sunt: * et spíritu oris ejus omnis virtus eórum.
	NV	Verbo Domini caeli facti sunt, et spiritu oris eius omnis virtus eorum.
	JH	Uerbo Domini caeli facti sunt,  et spiritu oris eius omnis ornatus eorum;
		τῷ λόγῳ τοῦ κυρίου οἱ οὐρανοὶ ἐστερεώθησαν καὶ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ πᾶσα ἡ δύναμις αὐτῶν

Verbo (the word) Dómini (of the Lord) cæli (the heavens) firmáti sunt (they were established): * et (and) spíritu (by the spirit) oris (of the mouth) ejus (his) omnis (all) virtus (strength) eórum (of them).

This verse summarises Genesis 1:1-2, and includes important allusions to the Trinitarian nature of the work of creation in the words 'word' and 'spirit':

"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the Spirit of God was moving over the face of the waters." 

verbum, i, n.,word, command, edict, also a promise; saying, speech; Law, the Eternal Son.

caelum, i, n., or caeli, orum, m.  heaven, the abode of God; the heavens as opposed to the earth; the air;

firmo, avi, atum, are  to strengthen, make firm or strong; establish, make stable or firm

spiritus, us, m.  breath;  wind;  breath of life, vital spirit; the soul; spirit, disposition; Divine assistance, grace

os, oris, n., the mouth.

virtus, utis, f   strength, power, might; an army, host; the angels.; the heavenly bodies, the sun, moon, and stars

DR	By the word of the Lord the heavens were established; and all the power of them by the spirit of his mouth:
Brenton	By the word of the Lord the heavens were established; and all the host of them by the breath of his mouth.
Cover	By the word of the Lord were the heavens made, and all the hosts of them by the breath of his mouth.
Grail	By his word the heavens were made, by the breath of his mouth all the stars.

Verse 6 attests to God as creator of all things, but it was also interpreted by the Fathers to speak of the new creation through faith in Christ.  Cassiodorus, for example, explains the Word' not only as Christ but also as the apostles and saints sent out to fill the earth with the 'preaching that bought salvation'.  St Thomas Aquinas summarises this mystical interpretation as follows:

Mystically, by 'heavens' are understood the apostles. These have been strengthened by the Word of the Lord, namely Christ or the Son of the Lord. This is his entreaty and teaching: 'I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not: and thou, being once converted, confirm thy brethren' (Luke 22:32). Again, their virtue is made firm through the holy spirit: 'Stay you in the city till you be endued with power from on high' (Luke 24:49).

7	V	Cóngregans sicut in utre aquas maris: * ponens in thesáuris abyssos.
	JH	congregans quasi in utre aquas maris, ponens in thesauris abyssos.
		τῷ λόγῳ τοῦ κυρίου οἱ οὐρανοὶ ἐστερεώθησαν καὶ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ πᾶσα ἡ δύναμις αὐτῶν

Cóngregans (gathering/collecting) sicut (like/as) in utre (in the skin/vessel) aquas (the waters) maris (of the sea): * ponens (setting) in thesáuris (in the storehouses/treasuries) abyssos (the depths).

Genesis:  And God said, "Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it separate the waters from the waters." And God made the firmament and separated the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament... (1:6-7)

congrego, avi, atum, are  to collect, gather together, assemble. .

uter, utris, m., the skin of an amimal used as a bottle for wine, oil, etc.; a bottle, vessel, wine-skin.  

aqua, ae, f., water

mare, is, n., the sea, the ocean.

pono, posui, itum, ere 3,  to put, place, lay, set.

thesaurus i m treasure, a treasury, storehouse

abyssus, i, f  the deep, i.e., the primitive chaos; the depths of the sea

DR	Gathering together the waters of the sea, as in a vessel; laying up the depths in storehouses.
Brenton	Who gathers the waters of the sea as in a bottle; who lays up the deeps in treasuries.
Cover	He gathereth the waters of the sea together, as it were upon an heap, and layeth up the deep, as in a treasure-house
Grail	He collects the waves of the ocean; he stores up the depths of the sea.

Again this verse can be read literally, as a reference to the cosmic waters of Genesis 1, or spiritually, as reference to the Church.  St Basil the Great, builds on the Genesis reference, making a link between the separation of the waters and baptism: 

"When we have been deemed worthy of knowledge face to face, we shall see also the depths in the storehouses of God. If you will gather together the sayings in Scripture about vessels, you will better  comprehend the prophetic meaning. Those, then, who are renewed day by day and who take new wine from the true vine, are said in the Gospel to be new vessels. But, they who have not yet put off the old man are old vessels, unable to be trusted for the reception of new wine. For, no one puts new wine into old wineskins, lest the wine be spilt, and those skins be entirely ruined, inasmuch as they are considered worthy of no excuse hereafter, if they spill the good new wine. New wine must be poured into fresh skins. The new and spiritual wine and that which is glowing with the Holy Spirit, the

perception of truth which never becomes old, must be put in the new man, who, because 'he always bears about in his body  the dying of Jesus,' might justly be said to be a new vessel."

  

8	V	Tímeat Dóminum omnis terra: * ab eo autem commoveántur omnes inhabitántes orbem.
	OR	timeat Dominum omnis terra ab ipso autem commoveantur universi et omnes qui habitant orbem
	NV	Timeat Dominum omnis terra, a facie autem eius formident omnes inhabitantes orbem.
	JH	Timeat Dominum omnis terra : ipsum formident uniuersi habitatores orbis;
		φοβηθήτω τὸν κύριον πᾶσα ἡ γῆ ἀ{P'} αὐτοῦ δὲ σαλευθήτωσαν πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν οἰκουμένην

Tímeat (Let them fear) Dóminum (the Lord) omnis (all) terra (the earth): * ab (from) eo (him) autem (but) commoveántur (let them be moved) omnes (all) inhabitántes (the inhabitants) orbem (on the earth).

commoveo, movi, motum, ere 2 to move, shake, agitate, disturb, waver, falter, hesitate, fail; tremble from fear,

inhabito, avi, atum, are to dwell, abide; to inhabit, dwell in (present participle=inhabitantes, in habitants, dwellers)

orbis, is, m., a circle, ring, anything round. the world, the earth

DR	Let all the earth fear the Lord, and let all the inhabitants of the world be in awe of him.
Brenton	Let all the earth fear the Lord; and let all that dwell in the world be moved because of him.
Cover	Let all the earth fear the Lord; stand in awe of him, all ye that dwell in the world.
Grail	Let all the earth fear the Lord all who live in the world revere him.

Is this verse referring to fear of hell (servile fear) or reverent awe (filial fear)?  The Fathers generally see the first half of the psalm as dealing with fear of hell; the second as reflecting progress in the spiritual life.  St Basil, for example, suggests that there is a necessary progression in our lives, but we start from servile fear:

"Since the fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge, let those who are earthly minded be taught through fear. In fact, fear Is necessarily employed as introductory to true religion, but love, now taking over, brings to perfection those who have been prepared by a fear that is capable of knowledge. To the whole earth, therefore, Scripture advises fear. 'Let all the inhabitants of the world' it says, 'be in awe of him.' Let them make every movement, as it were, whether effected by the mind or by bodily action, according to the will of God. At least I understand the words, 'Let them be in awe of him' in this way. For example, let neither the eye be moved without God, nor the hand be put in motion without God, nor the heart think on things not well pleasing to God. In short, let them be in awe of no one else, and let nothing move them except the fear of God."

St Augustine puts it more succinctly:

"Let all the earth fear the Lord: let every sinner fear, that so he may cease to sin. Let all the inhabitants of the world stand in awe of Him: not of the terrors of men, or of any creature, but of Him let them stand in awe."

9	V	Quóniam ipse dixit, et facta sunt: * ipse mandávit, et creáta sunt.
	JH	quia ipse mandauit, et factus est ; ipso praecipiente, stetit.
		ὅτι αὐτὸς εἶπεν καὶ ἐγενήθησαν αὐτὸς ἐνετείλατοκαὶ ἐκτίσθησαν

Quóniam (for /because) ipse (he himself) dixit (he spoke), et (and) facta sunt (they were made): * ipse (he himself) mandávit (he commanded), et (and) creáta sunt (they were created).

facio, feci, factum, ere 3,  to make, do, cause, bring to pass

mando, avi, atum, are to enjoin, order,

creo are avi atum  to create, bring into being

DR	For he spoke and they were made: he commanded and they were created.
Brenton	For he spoke, and they were made; he commanded, and they were created.
Cover	For he spoke, and it was done; he commanded, and it stood fast.
Grail	He spoke; and it came to be. He commanded; it sprang into being.

This verse brings us firmly back to the Christological interpretation of the psalm, for the use of the phrase 'All things were made through him' in John 1:3 is a reminder that the Word is Christ, who through the mystery of the Incarnation, dwelt among us. 

Psalm 32: Exsultáte, justi in Dómino

Vulgate	Douay-Rheims
Psalmus David.	A psalm for David.
1 Exsultáte, justi in Dómino: * rectos decet collaudátio.	Rejoice in the Lord, O you just: praise becomes the upright.
2  Confitémini Dómino in cíthara: * in psaltério decem chordárum psállite illi.	2 Give praise to the Lord on the harp; sing to him with the psaltery, the instrument of ten strings
3  Cantáte ei cánticum novum: * bene psállite ei in vociferatióne.	3 Sing to him a new canticle, sing well unto him with a loud noise.
4  Quia rectum est verbum Dómini, * et ómnia ópera ejus in fide.	4 For the word of the Lord is right, and all his works are done with faithfulness.
5  Díligit misericórdiam et judícium: * misericórdia Dómini plena est terra.	5 He loves mercy and judgment; the earth is full of the mercy of the Lord.
6 Verbo Dómini cæli firmáti sunt: * et spíritu oris ejus omnis virtus eórum.	6 By the word of the Lord the heavens were established; and all the power of them by the spirit of his mouth:
7  Cóngregans sicut in utre aquas maris: * ponens in thesáuris abyssos.	7 Gathering together the waters of the sea, as in a vessel; laying up the depths in storehouses.
8  Tímeat Dóminum omnis terra: * ab eo autem commoveántur omnes inhabitántes orbem.	8 Let all the earth fear the Lord, and let all the inhabitants of the world be in awe of him.
9  Quóniam ipse dixit, et facta sunt: * ipse mandávit, et creáta sunt.	9 For he spoke and they were made: he commanded and they were created.
10  Dóminus díssipat consília Géntium: * réprobat autem cogitatiónes populórum et réprobat consília príncipum.	10 The Lord brings to nought the counsels of nations; and he rejects the devices of people, and casts away the counsels of princes.
11  Consílium autem Dómini in ætérnum manet: * cogitatiónes cordis ejus in generatióne et generatiónem.	11 But the counsel of the Lord stands for ever: the thoughts of his heart to all generations.
12 Beáta gens, cujus est Dóminus, Deus ejus: * pópulus, quem elégit in hereditátem sibi.	12 Blessed is the nation whose God is the Lord: the people whom he has chosen for his inheritance.
13  De cælo respéxit Dóminus: * vidit omnes fílios hóminum.	13 The Lord has looked from heaven: he has beheld all the sons of men.
14  De præparáto habitáculo suo * respéxit super omnes, qui hábitant terram.	14 From his habitation which he has prepared, he has looked upon all that dwell on the earth.
15  Qui finxit sigillátim corda eórum: * qui intélligit ómnia ópera eórum.	15 He who has made the hearts of every one of them: who understands all their works.
16  Non salvátur rex per multam virtútem: * et gigas non salvábitur in multitúdine virtútis suæ.	16 The king is not saved by a great army: nor shall the giant be saved by his own great strength.
17  Fallax equus ad salútem: * in abundántia autem virtútis suæ non salvábitur.	17 Vain is the horse for safety: neither shall he be saved by the abundance of his strength.
18 Ecce óculi Dómini super metuéntes eum: * et in eis, qui sperant super misericórdia ejus :	18 Behold the eyes of the Lord are on them that fear him: and on them that hope in his mercy.
19  Ut éruat a morte ánimas eórum: * et alat eos in fame.	19 To deliver their souls from death; and feed them in famine.
20  Anima nostra sústinet Dóminum: * quóniam adjútor et protéctor noster est.	20 Our soul waits for the Lord: for he is our helper and protector.
21  Quia in eo lætábitur cor nostrum: * et in nómine sancto ejus sperávimus.	21 For in him our heart shall rejoice: and in his holy name we have trusted.
22  Fiat misericórdia tua, Dómine, super nos: * quemádmodum sperávimus in te.	22 Let your mercy, O Lord, be upon us, as we have hoped in you.

You can find the next set of notes in this series here.