Psalm 64 - You have visited the earth O Lord

Psalm 64 is said at Lauds on Wednesday in The Benedictine Office, and St Benedict noted that in this he was following the Roman office.

Psalm 64: Te Decet hymnus Deus in Sion - Lauds, Wednesday

Vulgate	Douay-Rheims
In finem. Psalmus David, canticum Jeremiæ et Ezechielis populo transmigrationis, cum inciperent exire.	To the end, a psalm of David. The canticle of Jeremiah and Ezechiel to the people of the captivity, when they began to go out.
1 Te decet hymnus, Deus, in Sion: * et tibi reddétur votum in Jerúsalem.	A hymn, O God, becomes you in Sion: and a vow shall be paid to you in Jerusalem
2  Exáudi oratiónem meam: * ad te omnis caro véniet.	3 O hear my prayer: all flesh shall come to you.
3  Verba iniquórum prævaluérunt super nos: * et impietátibus nostris tu propitiáberis.	4 The words of the wicked have prevailed over us: and you will pardon our transgressions.
4  Beátus quem elegísti et assumpsísti: * inhabitábit in átriis tuis.	5 Blessed is he whom you have chosen and taken to you: he shall dwell in your courts.
5  Replébimur in bonis domus tuæ, sanctum est templum tuum: *  mirábile in æquitáte.	We shall be filled with the good things of your house; holy is your temple, 6 wonderful in justice.
6  Exáudi nos, Deus salutáris noster: * spes ómnium fínium terræ et in mari longe.	Hear us, O God our saviour, who is the hope of all the ends of the earth, and in the sea afar off
7  Præparans montes in virtúte tua, accínctus poténtia: * qui contúrbas profúndum maris sonum flúctuum ejus.	7 You who prepares the mountains by your strength, being girded with power: 8 Who troubles the depth of the sea, the noise of its waves.
8  Turbabúntur Gentes, et timébunt qui inhábitant términos a signis tuis: * éxitus matutíni, et véspere delectábis.	The Gentiles shall be troubled, 9 and they that dwell in the uttermost borders shall be afraid at your signs: you shall make the outgoings of the morning and of the evening to be joyful.
9  Visitásti terram, et inebriásti eam: * multiplicásti locupletáre eam.	10 You have visited the earth, and have plentifully watered it; you have many ways enriched it.
10  Flumen Dei replétum est aquis; parásti cibum illórum: * quóniam ita est præparátio ejus.	The river of God is filled with water, you have prepared their food: for so is its preparation.
11  Rivos ejus inébria multíplica genímina ejus: * in stillicídiis ejus lætábitur gérminans.	11 Fill up plentifully the streams thereof, multiply its fruits; it shall spring up and rejoice in its showers.
12  Benedíces corónæ anni benignitátis tuæ: * et campi tui replebúntur ubertáte.	12 You shall bless the crown of the year of your goodness: and your fields shall be filled with plenty.
13  Pinguéscent speciósa desérti: * et exsultatióne colles accingéntur.	13 The beautiful places of the wilderness shall grow fat: and the hills shall be girded about with joy,
14  Indúti sunt aríetes óvium et valles abundábunt fruménto: * clamábunt, étenim hymnum dicent.	14 the rams of the flock are clothed, and the vales shall abound with corn: they shall shout, yea they shall sing a hymn.

The claim for this psalm's place at Lauds presumably comes from verse 8's reference to morning; although Hildemar's commentary on the Rule also sees a reference to dawn in the poetic image of verse 13.  It also contains multiple allusions to heaven (Sion, Jerusalem, the house of God, the halls of God), though instead of the 'leading us in' motif, it highlights God's choice and action in bringing us up to him.

The psalm though, has much stronger resonances with the overall themes of the day, viz Judas' betrayal paving the way for the establishment of the Church.  Accordingly, perhaps Christ's mission of bringing truth and mercy can be seen as being referred to implicitly in the psalm, in the promises of the new Jerusalem described here.

The new Jerusalem

St Augustine, for example, explains the psalm's title, 'Unto the end, a Psalm of David, a song of Jeremiah and Ezekiel, on account of the people of transmigration when they were beginning to go forth' as referring to the destruction of Jerusalem following our Lord's crucifixion, and the promise of its being rebuilt in the form of the Church Triumphant in heaven:

...For the captive people Israel from the city of Jerusalem was led into slavery unto Babylon.  But holy Jeremiah prophesied, that after seventy years the people would return out of captivity, and would rebuild the very city Jerusalem, which they had mourned as having been overthrown by enemies. But at that time there were prophets in that captivity of the people dwelling in Babylon, among whom was also the prophet Ezekiel. But that people was waiting until there should be fulfilled the space of seventy years, according to the prophecy of Jeremiah. 

It came to pass, when the seventy years had been completed, the temple was restored which had been thrown down: and there returned from captivity a great part of that people. But whereas the Apostle says, these things in figure happened unto them, but they have been written for our sakes, upon whom the end of the world has come: we also ought to know first our captivity, then our deliverance: we ought to know the Babylon wherein we are captives, and the Jerusalem for a return to which we are sighing. For these two cities, according to the letter, in reality are two cities... 

That they might not lose their place, they killed the Lord; and they lost it [Jerusalem], even because they killed. Therefore that city, being one earthly, did bear the figure of a certain city everlasting in the Heavens: but when that which was signified began more evidently to be preached, the shadow, whereby it was being signified, was thrown down: for this reason in that place now the temple is no more, which had been constructed for the image of the future Body of the Lord. We have the light, the shadow has passed away....

The psalm then, according to Cassiodorus, tells us that:

The people who have abandoned worldly sinning and returned to the Lord Saviour are liberated, and at the outset of the psalm acknowledge their Creator. They ask that their prayer be heard, and say that only he who has deserved to attain God's courts is blessed.

 In the second section they call the Lord the hope of all the ends of the earth. They enunciate His various praises and His power by allegorical comparison. They say that His holy ones rejoice in hymns of joy sung to Him...With remarkable brevity he has described the glory of His incarnation. This faithful teacher has informed us what Christ conferred on the world. Finally he tells us that at the future resurrection all His saints will rejoice in Him with joyful hymns of praise. Thus the psalmist has recounted the present with marvellous brevity and has promised us future rewards to rouse the greatest hope. Heavenly King, grant that we too may be rescued from the barrenness of sin and more abundantly watered by the river of Your mercy. May we deserve to grow fat, so that in the company of Your saints we can sing continually to You a hymn of praise.

The heavenly harvest

 Some have suggested that today’s psalm was originally a hymn used for the harvest festival.  In Christian usage, however, that harvest has become the heavenly one, for verses 1 and 2 are used in the Introit of the Requiem Mass.

The harvest theme is appropriate though, for it is on Holy Wednesday that Our Lord is traditionally said to have prophesied his death to his disciples, reminding them that the seed has to die in order for new life to grow (Jn 12: 24).  Similarly this psalm tells us that the Lord has ‘visited the earth, and have plentifully watered it; you have many ways enriched it’, such that the streams are full, and everything is set for a ripe harvest.

In the weekly mini-cycle on the life of Christ, Wednesday marks the end of Our Lord's three year period of preaching, and the beginning of the Passion cycle.  This fits neatly with St John Chrysostom's interpretation of the rain provided here as Christ’s teaching, and Cassiodorus’ interpretation of verse 7 as suggesting that the ‘prepared mountains’ here refers to the apostles:

So we fittingly interpret allegorically the prepared mountains as the apostles who were chosen to proclaim the word. They had strength of faith and height of sanctity; they were lowly in style of life, but deservedly ranked higher. The Lord prepared them by His strength because He performed great miracles through them, so that by the greatness of the Word they could convert unbelievers, and admiration at their deeds could soften the hardest hearts.

Word study: coronasti

In terms of words to look at more closely, I want to focus today on corona, meaning a crown or wreath or garland:

12  Benedíces corónæ anni benignitátis tuæ: * et campi tui replebúntur ubertáte.

12 You shall bless the crown of the year of your goodness: and your fields shall be filled with plenty.

The related verb corono, (avi, atum, are, to crown, to bestow some thing on as a mark of honor, to adorn; to surround, encompass) is used in the last verse of Psalm 5:

15  Dómine, ut scuto bonæ voluntátis tuæ * coronásti nos.

O Lord, you have crowned us, as with a shield of your good will.

The verb also occurs in Psalm 8:

6  Minuísti eum paulo minus ab Angelis, glória et honóre coronásti eum: * et constituísti eum super ópera mánuum tuárum.

Thou hast made him a little less than the angels, thou hast crowned him with glory and honour: And hast set him over the works of thy hands.

Most often, though, it is used in Scripture to mark those blessed with gifts from God, such as wisdom, or the saints in heaven in Revelation 4:4:

Et in circuitu sedis sedilia viginti quatuor: et super thronos viginti quatuor seniores sedentes, circumamicti vestimentis albis, et in capitibus eorum coronæ aureæ.

Round it were twenty-four seats, and on these sat twenty-four elders, clothed in white garments, with crowns of gold on their heads.

Liturgical and Scriptural uses of the psalm

First the text of the psalm, arranged for liturgical use.

Psalm 64

Te decet hymnus, Deus, in Sion: * et tibi reddétur votum in Ierúsalem.	A hymn, O God, becomes you in Sion: and a vow shall be paid to you in Jerusalem
Exáudi oratiónem meam: * ad te omnis caro véniet.	O hear my prayer: all flesh shall come to you.
Verba iniquórum prævaluérunt super nos: * et impietátibus nostris tu propitiáberis.	The words of the wicked have prevailed over us: and you will pardon our transgressions.
Beátus quem elegísti et assumpsísti: * inhabitábit in átriis tuis.	Blessed is he whom you have chosen and taken to you: he shall dwell in your courts.
Replébimur in bonis domus tuæ, sanctum est templum tuum: * mirábile in æquitáte.	We shall be filled with the good things of your house; holy is your temple, wonderful in justice.
Exáudi nos, Deus salutáris noster: * spes ómnium fínium terræ et in mari longe.	Hear us, O God our saviour, who is the hope of all the ends of the earth, and in the sea afar off
Præparans montes in virtúte tua, accínctus poténtia: * qui contúrbas profúndum maris sonum flúctuum eius.	You who prepares the mountains by your strength, being girded with power: Who troubles the depth of the sea, the noise of its waves.
Turbabúntur Gentes, et timébunt qui inhábitant términos a signis tuis: * éxitus matutíni, et véspere delectábis.	The Gentiles shall be troubled, and they that dwell in the uttermost borders shall be afraid at your signs: you shall make the outgoings of the morning and of the evening to be joyful.
Visitásti terram, et inebriásti eam: * multiplicásti locupletáre eam.	You have visited the earth, and have plentifully watered it; you have many ways enriched it.
Flumen Dei replétum est aquis; † parásti cibum illórum: * quóniam ita est præparátio eius.	The river of God is filled with water, you have prepared their food: for so is its preparation.
Rivos eius inébria multíplica genímina eius: * in stillicídiis eius lætábitur gérminans.	Fill up plentifully the streams thereof, multiply its fruits; it shall spring up and rejoice in its showers.
Benedíces corónæ anni benignitátis tuæ: * et campi tui replebúntur ubertáte.	You shall bless the crown of the year of your goodness: and your fields shall be filled with plenty.
Pinguéscent speciósa desérti: * et exsultatióne colles accingéntur.	The beautiful places of the wilderness shall grow fat: and the hills shall be girded about with joy,
Indúti sunt aríetes óvium, † et valles abundábunt fruménto: * clamábunt, étenim hymnum dicent.	The rams of the flock are clothed, and the vales shall abound with corn: they shall shout, yea they shall sing a hymn.

Glória Patri, et Fílio, * et Spirítui Sancto.	Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost.
Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper, * et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.	As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.

NT references	Mt 8:26, Mk 4:39 (v7); Lk 21:25 (v8)
RB cursus	Wednesday Lauds+AN 5115
Monastic/(Roman) feasts etc	All Souls, Lauds of the Dead, Common of a martyr AN 2767 (3)
Responsories	6686 (6)
Roman pre 1911	Wednesday Lauds
Roman post 1911	1911-62: Wednesday Lauds . 1970:
Mass propers (EF)	Requiem, IN (v1); PP 10 AL (1)

You can read more on the psalm in the context of the Office on Wednesday and the Office of the Dead.

Or you can can go on to the next part in this series, on Psalm 89.

Psalm 56 - Christ prays to teach us; rises again to raise us

 Maciejowski Bible, c.1250

Psalm 56 (57): Miserere mei Deus, Miserere mei (Tuesday  Lauds)

Vulgate	Douay-Rheims
In finem, ne disperdas. David in tituli inscriptionem, cum fugeret a facie Saul in speluncam.	Unto the end, destroy not, for David, for an inscription of a title, when he fled from Saul into the cave.
1 Miserére mei, Deus, miserére mei: * quóniam in te confídit ánima mea.	Have mercy on me, O God, have mercy on me: for my soul trusts in you.
2  Et in umbra alárum tuárum sperábo: * donec tránseat iníquitas.	And in the shadow of your wings will I hope, until iniquity pass away.
3  Clamábo ad Deum altíssimum: * Deum, qui benefécit mihi.	I will cry to God the most high; to God who has done good to me.
4  Misit de cælo, et liberávit me: * dedit in oppróbrium conculcántes me.	He has sent from heaven and delivered me: he has made them a reproach that trod upon me.
5  Misit Deus misericórdiam suam, et veritátem suam, * et erípuit ánimam meam de médio catulórum leónum: dormívi conturbátus.	God has sent his mercy and his truth, and he has delivered my soul from the midst of the young lions. I slept troubled
6  Fílii hóminum dentes eórum arma et sagíttæ: * et lingua eórum gládius acútus.	The sons of men, whose teeth are weapons and arrows, and their tongue a sharp sword.
7  Exaltáre super cælos, Deus: * et in omnem terram glória tua.	Be exalted, O God, above the heavens, and your glory above all the earth.
8  Láqueum paravérunt pédibus meis: * et incurvavérunt ánimam meam.	They prepared a snare for my feet; and they bowed down my soul.
9  Fodérunt ante fáciem meam fóveam: * et incidérunt in eam.	They dug a pit before my face, and they are fallen into it.
10  Parátum cor meum, Deus, parátum cor meum: * cantábo, et psalmum dicam.	My heart is ready, O God, my heart is ready: I will sing, and rehearse a psalm.
11  Exsúrge, glória mea, exsúrge psaltérium et cíthara: * exsúrgam dilúculo.	Arise, O my glory, arise psaltery and harp: I will arise early.
12  Confitébor tibi in pópulis, Dómine: * et psalmum dicam tibi in Géntibus :	I will give praise to you, O Lord, among the people: I will sing a psalm to you among the nations
13  Quóniam magnificáta est usque ad cælos misericórdia tua, * et usque ad nubes véritas tua.	For your mercy is magnified even to the heavens: and your truth unto the clouds.
14  Exaltáre super cælos, Deus: * et super omnem terram glória tua.	Be exalted, O God, above the heavens: and your glory above all the earth.

The obvious reason for this psalm's inclusion at Lauds is the reference to prayer early in the morning in verse 11.  As I noted yesterday, though, it shares a number of common motifs with the second Lauds psalms, with a little triptych of references to the protection of God's wings.

Today's psalm (like yesterday's) has a particular historical context, in the story of David and Saul in the cave, with a moral about truth and mercy, and the importance of God's protection of us.  There are, however, additional layers to it that need to be drawn out.

Christ in the psalms

St Augustine provides an extended explanation for the title of the psalm that goes to how the psalm relates to the life of Christ:

This Psalm is singing of the Passion of the Lord, see what is the title that it has: at the end. The end is Christ. (Romans 10:4) Why has He been called end? Not as one that consumes, but one that consummates. 

For David himself, for the inscription of the title; when he fled from the face of Saul into a cavern. If all things which then were being done, were figures of things future, we find there Christ, and by far in the greatest degree. For in them Saul was, in Christ David was.

 For that cavern wherein David hid himself did figure somewhat. But wherefore hid he himself? It was in order that he might be concealed and not be found. What is to be hidden in a cavern? To be hidden in earth. For he that flees into a cavern, with earth is covered so that he may not be seen. But Jesus did carry earth, flesh which He had received from earth: and in it He concealed Himself, in order that by Jews He might not be discovered as God. For if they had known, never the Lord of glory would they have crucified. 

Why therefore the Lord of glory found they not? Because in a cavern He had hidden Himself, that is, the flesh's weakness to their eyes He presented, but the Majesty of the Godhead in the body's clothing, as though in a hiding-place of the earth, He hid....

...For a cavern may be understood as a lower part of the earth. And certainly, as is manifest and certain to all, His Body in a Tomb was laid, which was cut in a Rock. This Tomb therefore was the Cavern; there He fled from the face of Saul. For so long the Jews did persecute Him, even until He was laid in a cavern. 

Whence prove we that so long they persecuted Him, until therein He was laid? Even when dead, and, on the Cross hanging, with lance they wounded Him.  But when shrouded, the funeral celebrated, He was laid in a cavern, no longer had they anything which to the Flesh they might do. 

Rose therefore the Lord again out of that cavern unhurt, uncorrupt, from that place whither He had fled from the face of Saul: concealing Himself from ungodly men, whom Saul prefigured, but showing Himself to His members. For the members of Him rising again by His members were handled: for the members of Him, the Apostles, touched Him rising again and believed and behold nothing profited the persecution of Saul. 

Cassiodorus notes that this as the fifth of the psalms which 'briefly recount the passion and resurrection of the Lord.'  He summarises the content of the verses as follows:

In the first section of the psalm the Lord Christ prays in His anxiety about His passion. He prays as the Man which with love beyond reckoning He deigned to become for our sake. God was so to say made human, but even when He took on flesh He did not cease to be God. Though He assumed the form of changeable man, He remained unchangeable; He did not diminish His own nature, but exalted the condition of mortality. He is one and the same Lord Christ who both performed great miracles of power in the form of God and endured the savagery of the passion in the form of a slave. 

In the second section He describes the glory of His resurrection with astonishing variety. 

In the third He promises to sing praises to the Lord Father after His most blessed resurrection.

The temple of Christ's body

The Fathers link today's psalm with the idea of Christ's divinity 'hidden in the temple of his body' as Cassiodorus puts it, so nicely linked to the theme of spiritual ascent to the heavenly of the day.  Indeed he sees the message of the psalm as being that:

Christ prays to teach us, rises again to raise us, praises the Father to instruct us. We rightly read of Him that He is our Way, our Redemption, our Advocate before the Father. 

At the Mass, some of these verses feature in the liturgy of Ash Wednesday.

Liturgical and Scriptural uses of the psalm

Psalms	second half more or less duplicates Psalm 107
NT references	-
RB cursus	Lauds Tuesday+AN 4568
Monastic/(Roman) feasts etc	AN 2761, 2775, 4316
Responsories	7160, 7208 (alt verse, Epiphanytide Wed (2) 6524 (PP2), 7164 (Nov Sundays) (4-5) 6683, 6005 (6, 12) 7350 (Wed PE) (9)
Roman pre 1911	Wed Matins
Roman post 1911	1911-62: Wednesday Sext . 1970: omitted
Mass propers (EF)	Ash Wed IN (1); GR (1, 4)

You can find some previous notes I've written on this psalm here.

And the next part of this series, on Psalm 64, can be found here.

Psalm 35 - Mercy and truth

Gospel of Saint-Médard de Soissons

Monday - Lauds, Psalm 35 (36) - Dixit injústus ut delínquat in semetípso

Vulgate	Douay-Rheims
In finem. Servo Domini ipsi David.	Unto the end, for the servant of God, David himself.
1. Dixit injústus ut delínquat in semetípso: * non est timor Dei ante óculos ejus.	The unjust has said within himself, that he would sin: there is no fear of God before his eyes.
2  Quóniam dolóse egit in conspéctu ejus: * ut inveniátur iníquitas ejus ad ódium.	For in his sight he has done deceitfully, that his iniquity may be found unto hatred.
3  Verba oris ejus iníquitas, et dolus: * nóluit intellígere ut bene ágeret.	The words of his mouth are iniquity and guile: he would not understand that he might do well
4  Iniquitátem meditátus est in cubíli suo: * ástitit omni viæ non bonæ, malítiam autem non odívit.	He has devised iniquity on his bed, he has set himself on every way that is not good: but evil he has not hated.
5  Dómine, in cælo misericórdia tua: * et véritas tua usque ad nubes.	O Lord, your mercy is in heaven, and your truth reaches even to the clouds.
6  Justítia tua sicut montes Dei: * judícia tua abyssus multa.	Your justice is as the mountains of God, your judgments are a great deep.
7  Hómines, et juménta salvábis, Dómine: * quemádmodum multiplicásti misericórdiam tuam, Deus,	Men and beasts you will preserve, O Lord: O how have you multiplied your mercy, O God!
8  Fílii autem hóminum, * in tégmine alárum tuárum sperábunt.	But the children of men shall put their trust under the covert of your wings.
9  Inebriabúntur ab ubertáte domus tuæ: * et torrénte voluptátis tuæ potábis eos.	They shall be inebriated with the plenty of your house; and you shall make them drink of the torrent of your pleasure.
10  Quóniam apud te est fons vitæ: * et in lúmine tuo vidébimus lumen.	For with you is the fountain of life; and in your light we shall see light
11  Præténde misericórdiam tuam sciéntibus te, * et justítiam tuam his, qui recto sunt corde.	Extend your mercy to them that know you, and your justice to them that are right in heart.

In your light we shall see

At first glance, the claims of Psalm 35 to be placed at Lauds seem, on the face of it, to be somewhat strained: there are no real references in it to morning prayer, and only a general reference to God as light in verse 10.

St Bede, however, suggests that the fountain of life referred to here refers to the pool of Siloa, where Our Lord healed the blind man:

The pool of Siloa (which means 'sent'), where the man born blind was given light (John 9:7) stands for the Lord Saviour who was sent by God the Father for our illumination.  The spring of this pool can be very aptly understood as the same Father from whom he was born, about which the psalmist well says: For with you is the spring of life; in your light we shall see light...The walls of the Pool of Siloa are built too when the very firm and invincible testimonies of the Scriptures, in which the mystery of the Lord's incarnation is described, are rooted in the midst of the faithful. (trans DeGregorio,  pg 170-1)

The fountain can also be interpreted as a reference to baptism,  providing a thematic relationship to the canticle of the day through its reference to the fountain of life, fons vitae, (Isaiah 12 refers to the 'waters with joy out of the saviour's fountains',  a key theme in the Office on Mondays.

God's protection

Psalm 35 also shares some common themes with the other variable psalms of Lauds, given that the second variable psalms of the hour for Sunday, Monday and Tuesday all contain a reference to the shelter offered by God's wings, an image Jesus used when contemplating the coming destruction of Jerusalem, in Matthew 23:37:

Jerusalem, Jerusalem, quæ occidis prophetas, et lapidas eos, qui ad te missi sunt, quoties volui congregare filios tuos, quemadmodum gallina congregat pullos suos sub alas, et noluisti? 

Jerusalem, Jerusalem, still murdering the prophets, and stoning the messengers that are sent to thee, how often have I been ready to gather thy children together, as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings; and thou didst refuse it!

Psalm 62

8  Et in velaménto alárum tuárum exsultábo, adhæsit ánima mea post te: * me suscépit déxtera tua.

And I will rejoice under the covert of your wings: 9 My soul has stuck close to you: your right hand has received me.

Psalm 35

8  Et in velaménto alárum tuárum exsultábo, adhæsit ánima mea post te: * me suscépit déxtera tua.

And I will rejoice under the covert of your wings: 9 My soul has stuck close to you: your right hand has received me.

Psalm 56

2  Et in umbra alárum tuárum sperábo: * donec tránseat iníquitas.

And in the shadow of your wings will I hope, until iniquity pass away.

All three also have references to evil/lying tongues of the wicked, providing a lead into what seems to be the unifying thread for this set of psalms, God's mercy and truth:

Psalm 62

10  Rex vero lætábitur in Deo, laudabúntur omnes qui jurant in eo: * quia obstrúctum est os loquéntium iníqua.

12 But the king shall rejoice in God, all they shall be praised that swear by him: because the mouth is stopped of them that speak wicked things.

Psalm 35

1. Dixit injústus ut delínquat in semetípso: * non est timor Dei ante óculos ejus.	The unjust has said within himself, that he would sin: there is no fear of God before his eyes.
2  Quóniam dolóse egit in conspéctu ejus: * ut inveniátur iníquitas ejus ad ódium.	For in his sight he has done deceitfully, that his iniquity may be found unto hatred.
3  Verba oris ejus iníquitas, et dolus: * nóluit intellígere ut bene ágeret.	The words of his mouth are iniquity and guile: he would not understand that he might do well

Psalm 56

6  Fílii hóminum dentes eórum arma et sagíttæ: * et lingua eórum gládius acútus.

The sons of men, whose teeth are weapons and arrows, and their tongue a sharp sword.

Mercy and truth

The second of the variable psalms for both Monday and Tuesday were both seen by the Fathers as referring to the events of David and Saul in the cave (I Samuel 24), when David spared Saul's life, though the reference is rather more explicit in the title of Psalm 56.

Both psalms also both contain references to God as a source of both mercy (misercordia) and truth (veritas), something of a theme for the second of the variable psalms at Lauds each day:

• For your mercy is better than lives: you my lips will praise... because the mouth is stopped of them that speak wicked things (Ps 62, Sunday)
• O Lord, your mercy is in heaven, and your truth reaches even to the clouds....Extend your mercy to them that know you, and your justice to them that are right in heart (Ps 35, Monday);
• God has sent his mercy and his truth, and he has delivered my soul...For your mercy is magnified even to the heavens: and your truth unto the clouds (Ps 56, Tuesday);
• We are filled in the morning with your mercy...(Ps 89, Thursday); and 
• To show forth your mercy in the morning, and your truth in the night (Ps 91, Friday).

Turn away from evil

The main focus of Psalm 35, though, is a discussion on the nature of evil.  St Athanasius comments: 

And when you see how zealous are the lawless in their evil-doing, think not the evil is innate in them, as some false teachers say, but read Psalm 35 and you will see they are themselves the authors of their sin.

The psalmist points out that the root of sin is a lack of fear of the Lord.  It is not just that the wicked man does evil; it is that he does it with malice aforethought.  He actively rejects the truth, and refuses to turn away from the horror of what he is doing. Others, the psalmist suggests, deceive themselves.

Cultivate humility

St Benedict, it is worth noting, uses these verses to contrast what the monk who seeks humility must do, namely keep the fear of God in front of his eyes, in RB 7.  

As St Ligouri notes, though, the psalm does not end there:

The psalmist here shows how great, on the one hand, is the malice of sinners, and, on the other hand, how great is the mercy of God set forth to convert them. It also at the same time makes known with what goodness our Lord treats the just

The psalm goes on to point out that even in the face of man’s tendency to evil, God offers truth, justice and mercy to all, reaching down from the heavens.  He offers help, refuge and the blessing of prosperity.

Humility

The psalm ends with a plea to keep us humble, and to protect us from being led astray, knowing that evil doers come to nothing in the end.

I've previously provided notes on this psalm in the context of the Office of Monday and Tenebrae of Maundy Thursday.

Other Scriptural and liturgical uses of the psalm

NT references	Rom 3:18 (v1); Mt 7:3-5 (v2); Jn 4:14, Rev 22:1 (v10)
RB cursus	Monday Lauds+AN 2348
Monastic/(Roman) feasts etc	Maundy Thurs Tenebrae Lauds, Sacred Heart
Responsories	-
Roman pre 1911	Monday Matins
Roman post 1911	1911-62: Thursday Lauds . 1970: Lauds on Wednesday of Week One
Mass propers (EF)	-

 

 The text arranged for liturgical use

Psalm 35

Dixit iniústus ut delínquat in semetípso: * non est timor Dei ante óculos eius.	The unjust has said within himself, that he would sin: there is no fear of God before his eyes.
Quóniam dolóse egit in conspéctu eius: * ut inveniátur iníquitas eius ad ódium.	For in his sight he has done deceitfully, that his iniquity may be found unto hatred.
Verba oris eius iníquitas, et dolus: * nóluit intellígere ut bene ágeret.	The words of his mouth are iniquity and guile: he would not understand that he might do well
Iniquitátem meditátus est in cubíli suo: † ástitit omni viæ non bonæ, * malítiam autem non odívit.	He has devised iniquity on his bed, he has set himself on every way that is not good: but evil he has not hated.
Dómine, in cælo misericórdia tua: * et véritas tua usque ad nubes.	O Lord, your mercy is in heaven, and your truth reaches even to the clouds.
Iustítia tua sicut montes Dei: * iudícia tua abyssus multa.	Your justice is as the mountains of God, your judgments are a great deep.
Hómines, et iuménta salvábis, Dómine: * quemádmodum multiplicásti misericórdiam tuam, Deus,	Men and beasts you will preserve, O Lord: O how have you multiplied your mercy, O God!
Fílii autem hóminum, * in tégmine alárum tuárum sperábunt.	But the children of men shall put their trust under the covert of your wings.
Inebriabúntur ab ubertáte domus tuæ: * et torrénte voluptátis tuæ potábis eos.	They shall be inebriated with the plenty of your house; and you shall make them drink of the torrent of your pleasure.
Quóniam apud te est fons vitæ: * et in lúmine tuo vidébimus lumen.	For with you is the fountain of life; and in your light we shall see light
Præténde misericórdiam tuam sciéntibus te, * et iustítiam tuam his, qui recto sunt corde.	Extend your mercy to them that know you, and your justice to them that are right in heart.
Non véniat mihi pes supérbiæ: * et manus peccatóris non móveat me.	Let not the foot of pride come to me, and let not the hand of the sinner move me.
Ibi cecidérunt qui operántur iniquitátem: * expúlsi sunt, nec potuérunt stare.	There the workers of iniquity are fallen, they are cast out, and could not stand

Glória Patri, et Fílio, * et Spirítui Sancto.	Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost.
Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper, * et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.	As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.

And you can find the next set of notes in this series, on Psalm 56, here.

Psalm 62 - Watching at the break of day

Psalm 62 - Sunday Lauds

Vulgate	Douay-Rheims
Psalmus David, cum esset in deserto Idumææ.	A psalm of David while he was in the desert of Edom.
1 Deus, Deus meus, * ad te de luce vígilo.	O my God, to you do I watch at break of day.
2  Sitívit in te ánima mea, * quam multiplíciter tibi caro mea.	For you my soul has thirsted; for you my flesh, O how many ways!
3  In terra desérta, et ínvia, et inaquósa: * sic in sancto appárui tibi, ut vidérem virtútem tuam, et glóriam tuam	3 In a desert land, and where there is no way, and no water: so in the sanctuary have I come before you, to see your power and your glory.
4  Quóniam mélior est misericórdia tua super vitas: * lábia mea laudábunt te.	4 For your mercy is better than lives: you my lips will praise.
5  Sic benedícam te in vita mea: * et in nómine tuo levábo manus meas.	5 Thus will I bless you all my life long: and in your name I will lift up my hands.
6  Sicut ádipe et pinguédine repleátur ánima mea: * et lábiis exsultatiónis laudábit os meum.	6 Let my soul be filled as with marrow and fatness: and my mouth shall praise you with joyful lips.
7  Si memor fui tui super stratum meum, in matutínis meditábor in te: * quia fuísti adjútor meus.	7 If I have remembered you upon my bed, I will meditate on you in the morning: 8 Because you have been my helper.
8  Et in velaménto alárum tuárum exsultábo, adhæsit ánima mea post te: * me suscépit déxtera tua.	And I will rejoice under the covert of your wings: 9 My soul has stuck close to you: your right hand has received me.
9  Ipsi vero in vanum quæsiérunt ánimam meam, introíbunt in inferióra terræ: * tradéntur in manus gládii, partes vúlpium erunt.	10 But they have fought my soul in vain, they shall go into the lower parts of the earth: 11 They shall be delivered into the hands of the sword, they shall be the portions of foxes.
10  Rex vero lætábitur in Deo, laudabúntur omnes qui jurant in eo: * quia obstrúctum est os loquéntium iníqua.	12 But the king shall rejoice in God, all they shall be praised that swear by him: because the mouth is stopped of them that speak wicked things.

The second variable psalm of Sunday Lauds, Psalm 62, is often regarded as the quintessential Lauds hymn due in particular to its opening line - in many other forms of the Office including the Roman it is (or was) said every day at this hour.

One of the puzzles about its place in St Benedict's Office though, is why it is placed after Psalm 117 rather than before it.  One possibility perhaps is that its imagery provides horizontal links to the other second variable psalms of Lauds.  In particular, the image of God protecting us with his wings also occurs in Psalms 35 and 56, and it contains a reference to at least one of the elements alluded to in all but one of these psalms, namely truth and mercy.

St Augustine provides a nice commentary on the title of the psalm that I think nicely captures the essence of the psalm:

This psalm has the title, For David himself, when he was in the desert of Idumæa. By the name of Idumæa is understood this world. For Idumæa was a certain nation of men going astray, where idols were worshipped. 

In no good sense is put this Idumæa. If not in a good sense it is put, it must be understood that this life, wherein we suffer so great toils, and wherein to so great necessities we are made subject, by the name of Idumæa is signified. Even here is a desert where there is much thirst, and you are to hear the voice of One now thirsting in the desert. 

But if we acknowledge ourselves as thirsting, we shall acknowledge ourselves as drinking also. For he that thirsts in this world, in the world to come shall be satisfied, according to the Lord's saying, Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness, for the same shall be satisfied. 

Therefore in this world we ought not to love fullness. Here we must thirst, in another place we shall be filled. But now in order that we may not faint in this desert, He sprinkles upon us the dew of His word, and leaves us not utterly to dry up, so that there should not be in our case any seeking of us again, but that we may so thirst as that we may drink. But in order that we may drink, with somewhat of His Grace we are sprinkled: nevertheless we thirst. And what says our soul to God?

You can find my previous notes on this psalm here and the next part in this series here.

Scriptural and liturgical uses of the psalm

NT references	Jn 19:28 (2); Eph 4: 9 (9); Rom 3:19 (10)
RB cursus	Sunday Lauds
Monastic feasts etc	Festal Lauds; All Souls/Lauds of Dead
Roman pre 1911	Daily at Lauds
Roman post 1911	1911-62:  Sunday Lauds. 1970: Sunday MP omitting vv1-0-12
Mass propers (EF)	Eastertide 2, OF 1, 5: