Psalm 53 v 7 - On the downfall of our enemies

Romanesque c1220

The final verse of Psalm 53 reinforces our reasons for praising God, focusing on his his work of rescuing us.

Quóniam ex omni tribulatióne eripuísti me: et super inimícos meos despéxit óculus meus.

For you have delivered me out of all trouble: and my eye has looked down upon my enemies.

Looking at the Latin

The key vocabulary for the verse is:

omnis, e, all, each, every

tribulatio, onis, f. , trouble, distress, anguish, affliction, tribulation

eripio, ripui, reptum, ere 3  to snatch away, to rescue, deliver

super +acc=above, upon, over, in, on

despicio, spexi, spectum, ere 3 to look away from, not to look at, to slight; to despise; to look down upon

A word by word translation runs:

Quóniam (For/because) ex (from) omni (all) tribulatióne (trouble) eripuísti (you have rescued me: * et (and) super (upon) inimícos (the enemies) meos (my) despéxit (it/he has looked down upon) óculus (the eye) meus (my).

The second phrase of the verse is the hardest to convey the sense of in English.  The Knox version, ‘Who else has delivered me from all peril, and let me see the downfall of my enemies?’, is probably the best:

DR	For you have delivered me out of all trouble: and my eye has looked down upon my enemies.
Brenton	For thou hast delivered me out of all affliction, and mine eye has seen my desire upon mine enemies.
RSV	For thou hast delivered me from every trouble, and my eye has looked in triumph on my enemies.
Cover	For he hath delivered me out of all my trouble; and mine eye hath seen his desire upon mine enemies.
Knox	who else has delivered me from all peril, and let me see the downfall of my enemies?
College	For you have snatched me from all my affliction, and my eye looks down upon my enemies.
Grail	For you have rescued me from all distress and my eyes have seen the downfall of my foes.

Suffering leads us to love of God

Modern commentaries often implicitly or explicitly reject the need for us to call for help in times of trouble, seeing it as altogether too mercenary.   They insist instead that love of God springs into being spontaneously and instantly.

The Fathers, however, pointed out that our sufferings and tribulations are necessary in order to lead us to God.  St Augustine for example said:

For this cause I have perceived how good a thing is Your name: for if this I were able before tribulations to acknowledge, perchance for me there had been no need of them. But tribulation has been applied for admonition, admonition has redounded to Your praise. For I should not have understood where I was, except of my weakness I had been admonished. Out of all tribulations, therefore, You have delivered me.

Similarly Theodoret of Cyr noted that:

Because you have rescued me from every tribulation, and my eye has looked down on my foes I shall offer you the sacrifice of praise, recounting your favors. This, in fact, is useful to me and pleasing to you (and to all helped by you). It is right for me to do this, freed as I have been from calamities of all kinds and contemplating the ruin of the enemies.

The defeat of our enemies

The more difficult part of this verse is the second: does it really imply we should rejoice over the downfall of our enemies?

St Hilary of Poitiers argued otherwise, applying the verse above all to Christ:

For the Only-begotten Son of God was not cut off by death. It is true that in order to take the whole of our nature upon Him He submitted to death, that is to the apparent severance of soul and body, and made His way even to the realms below, the debt which man must manifestly pay: but He rose again and abides for ever and looks down with an eye that death cannot dim upon His enemies, being exalted unto the glory of God and born once more Son of God after becoming Son of Man, as He had been Son of God when He first became Son of Man, by the glory of His resurrection. 

He looks down upon His enemies to whom He once said: Destroy this temple, and in three days I will build it up. And so, now that this temple of His body has been built again, He surveys from His throne on high those who sought after His soul, and, set far beyond the power of human death, He looks down from heaven upon those who wrought His death, He who suffered death, yet could not die, the God-Man, our Lord Jesus Christ, Who is blessed for ever and ever. Amen.

That said, there is nothing at all wrong in being glad that we have been delivered from those who seek to harm or kill us.  St Thomas Aquinas for example commented:

 And I will even praise you in regards to my enemies, because My eye hath looked down upon my enemies, because they were not able to kill me, or, Hath looked down, etc., because he disdains their happiness and prosperity; In his sight the malignant is brought to nothing.

Vulgate	Douay-Rheims
In finem, in carminibus. Intellectus David, 2 cum venissent Ziphæi, et dixissent ad Saul : Nonne David absconditus est apud nos?	Unto the end, in verses, understanding for David. 2 When the men of Ziph had come and said to Saul: Is not David hidden with us?
1 Deus, in nómine tuo salvum me fac: * et in virtúte tua júdica me.	3 Save me, O God, by your name, and judge me in your strength.
2  Deus, exáudi oratiónem meam: * áuribus pércipe verba oris mei.	4 O God, hear my prayer: give ear to the words of my mouth.
3  Quóniam aliéni insurrexérunt advérsum me, et fortes quæsiérunt ánimam meam: * et non proposuérunt Deum ante conspéctum suum.	5 For strangers have risen up against me; and the mighty have sought after my soul: and they have not set God before their eyes.
4 Ecce enim Deus ádjuvat me: * et Dóminus suscéptor est ánimæ meæ.	6 For behold God is my helper: and the Lord is the protector of my soul.
5  Avérte mala inimícis meis: * et in veritáte tua dispérde illos.	7 Turn back the evils upon my enemies; and cut them off in your truth.
6  Voluntárie sacrificábo tibi, * et confitébor nómini tuo, Dómine: quóniam bonum est :	8 I will freely sacrifice to you, and will give praise, O God, to your name: because it is good:
7  Quóniam ex omni tribulatióne eripuísti me: * et super inimícos meos despéxit óculus meus.	9 For you have delivered me out of all trouble: and my eye has looked down upon my enemies.

And the concluding post in this series on Psalm 53 can be found here.

Psalm 53 v6 - Offering the sacrifice of praise

 

Verse 6 of Psalm 53 speaks of the return the speaker will give for the help that God has given him.

Voluntárie sacrificábo tibi, et confitébor nómini tuo, Dómine:  quóniam bonum est.

I will freely sacrifice to you, and will give praise, O God, to your name: because it is good.

Looking at the Latin

The key vocabulary for this verse is:

voluntarium , a free-will offering.

sacrifico, avi, atum, are to offer something to God in atonement for sin, sacrifice.

confiteor, fessus sum, eri  to praise, give thanks; confess, acknowledge one's guilt.

bonus, a, um, good;  pleasant; upright  good things, possessions, prosperity.

A word by word literal translation is:

 Voluntárie (With a free will offering) sacrificábo(I will sacrifice) tibi (to you), * et (and) confitébor (I will confess) nómini (to the name) tuo (your), Dómine (O Lord): quóniam (because) bonum (good) est (it is).

A freewill offering, in the historical context of the psalm, literally meant one not prescribed by the law, for example for expiation of sins or other required sacrifice.

The various English translations offer a variety of renderings of the phrase to try and convey the sense of it:

DR	I will freely sacrifice to you, and will give praise, O God,  to your name: because it is good.
Brenton	I will willingly sacrifice to thee:  I will give thanks to thy name, O Lord; for it is good.
RSV	With a freewill offering I will sacrifice to thee;  I will give thanks to thy name, O LORD, for it is good.
Cover	An offering of a free heart will I give thee,  and praise thy Name, O Lord, because it is so comfortable.
Knox	So will I joyfully offer thee sacrifice,  and praise thy name, Lord, as praised it must ever be;
College	With a free heart will I offer you sacrifice, I will praise your name O Lord for its goodness
Grail	I will sacrifice to you with willing heart  and praise your name for it is good:

 On assorted heresies and the sacrifice of Christ

Today’s verse has famously given rise to more than a few heresies, featuring at different times in the battles around semi-Pelagianism, the Lutherans and the Jansenists to argue that all offerings must be free, and not compelled.

It is certainly true that the Father’s early interpreted the verse as foreshadowing the sacrifice of Christ on the cross that frees us from the requirement to offer the sacrifices of the law. 

St Hilary of Poitier, for example, commented:

The sacrifices of the Law, which consisted of whole burnt-offerings and oblations of goats and of bulls, did not involve an expression of free will, because the sentence of a curse was pronounced on all who broke the Law....It was from this curse that our Lord Jesus Christ redeemed us…He offered Himself to the death of the accursed that He might break the curse of the Law, offering Himself voluntarily a victim to God the Father, in order that by means of a voluntary victim the curse which attended the discontinuance of the regular victim might be removed…

St Thomas Aquinas, however, pointed out that in the context of the psalm, the verse is promising a return for the help that has been given to the speaker:

Here he sets down that which he gives in return…He intends to give back in return in two ways, by sacrifice and by giving praise.

What is it then, that we should offer?

The Fathers and Theologians offer a variety of suggestions as to what it is we should offer by way of sacrifice and praise.

One obvious interpretation of it is the sacrifice of the Mass, and the sacrifice of praise in the Office.

But St Cassiodorus saw the verse as particularly building on the previous, imprecatory verse, and putting it in a proper context by reinforcing the idea that it is a prayer for the conversion of our enemies, not their condemnation:

I will freely sacrifice to thee, and will confess, 0 Lord, to thy name because it is good. He freely sacrifices to the Lord when he prays with pious zeal for his enemies. The person who seeks vengeance on his enemies, who desires to avenge himself because of calamities imposed by others, or who prays for other worldly needs, does not sacrifice freely to the Lord because he does not pray out of love for Him, but begs for His power because of his need for certain things.

St Thomas makes three additional suggestions.  First, consistent with Psalm 50, he points to the offer of a contrite and humble spirit; secondly, he suggests the offering of physical sufferings; and the third is when we do good things.

The importance of intention

Either way, the key is our intention.

St Cassiodorus, for example, commented:

Freely sacrificing to the Lord means offering the purity of a good intention, and worshipping, fearing, loving Him only because He is known to be God the Creator, the loving Dispenser of all things. They also freely sacrifice to God who give thanks continually during hardships of sufferings, as the holy man Job is said to have done. …the desire to praise Him is a good beyond reckoning, the source both of refreshment for the de­voted mind and of escape from the enmity of this world.

 Our ideal, of course, should be to offer our sacrifices out of love, as St Augustine argued:

Wherefore then voluntarily? Because truly I love that which I praise. I praise God, and in the self-same praise I rejoice: in the praise of Himself I rejoice, at whom being praised, I blush not. For He is not praised in the same manner as by those who love the theatrical follies is praised either by a charioteer, or a hunter, or actor of any kind, and by their praisers, other praisers are invited, are exhorted, to shout together: and when all have shouted, ofttimes, if their favourite is overcome, they are all put to the blush. Not so is our God: be He praised with the will, loved with charity: let it be gratuitous (or voluntary) that He is loved and that He is praised. What is gratuitous? Himself for the sake of Himself, not for the sake of something else.

Vulgate	Douay-Rheims
In finem, in carminibus. Intellectus David, 2 cum venissent Ziphæi, et dixissent ad Saul : Nonne David absconditus est apud nos?	Unto the end, in verses, understanding for David. 2 When the men of Ziph had come and said to Saul: Is not David hidden with us?
1 Deus, in nómine tuo salvum me fac: * et in virtúte tua júdica me.	3 Save me, O God, by your name, and judge me in your strength.
2  Deus, exáudi oratiónem meam: * áuribus pércipe verba oris mei.	4 O God, hear my prayer: give ear to the words of my mouth.
3  Quóniam aliéni insurrexérunt advérsum me, et fortes quæsiérunt ánimam meam: * et non proposuérunt Deum ante conspéctum suum.	5 For strangers have risen up against me; and the mighty have sought after my soul: and they have not set God before their eyes.
4 Ecce enim Deus ádjuvat me: * et Dóminus suscéptor est ánimæ meæ.	6 For behold God is my helper: and the Lord is the protector of my soul.
5  Avérte mala inimícis meis: * et in veritáte tua dispérde illos.	7 Turn back the evils upon my enemies; and cut them off in your truth.
6  Voluntárie sacrificábo tibi, * et confitébor nómini tuo, Dómine: quóniam bonum est :	8 I will freely sacrifice to you, and will give praise, O God, to your name: because it is good:
7  Quóniam ex omni tribulatióne eripuísti me: * et super inimícos meos despéxit óculus meus.	9 For you have delivered me out of all trouble: and my eye has looked down upon my enemies.

And for the next part in this series, continue on here.

Psalm 53 v 5 - Censored!

Domenico Pagliarolo, c15th
http://www.themorgan.org/collection/medieval-and-renaissance/manuscript/113118?id=409
Source: Wiki Commons

Today’s verse of Psalm 53 is one of those deemed to ‘difficult’, or un-PC in its sentiments, for modern minds to cope with, and so was excised altogether from the Liturgy of the Hours.  We should not, however, shy away from the lessons Scripture places before us for our instruction.

Avérte mala inimícis meis: et in veritáte tua dispérde illos.

Turn back the evils upon my enemies; and cut them off in your truth.

Looking at the Latin

The key vocabulary for the verse is:

averto, verti, versum, ere 3, to turn away, avert; to bring back.

malum, i, n., evil, sin; woe, harm, misfortune.

inimicus, i, m., a foe, enemy

veritas, atis,  truth. grace, kindness ,goodness, fidelity to promises, faithfulness

disperdo, didi, ditum, ere 3, to destroy, destroy utterly.

Word for word then:

Avérte (turn back, imp) mala (the evils) inimícis (to the enemies, dat/abl pl) meis (to me): * et (and) in veritáte (the truth) tua (your) dispérde (destroy) illos (them).

Given the modern difficulties with this verse, it is not surprising to find that the neo-Vulgate version in particular attempts to often its tone:

Vulgate	Avérte mala inimícis meis: et in veritáte tua dispérde illos.
Pian	Retorque malum in adversarios meos, Et pro fidelitate tua destrue illos.
Neo-Vulgate	Converte mala super inimicos meos et in veritate tua disperde illos.
Jerome from the Hebrew	Redde malum insidiatoribus meis in veritate tua disperde eos.
Septuagint	ἀποστρέψει τὰ κακὰ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς μου ἐν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ σου ἐξολέθρευσον αὐτούς

The English translations, however, make clear that the literal meaning of the verse is that evil will rebound on those who seek to harm others:

DR	Turn back the evils upon my enemies; and cut them off in your truth.
Brenton	He shall return evil to mine enemies; utterly destroy them in thy truth.
RSV	He will requite my enemies with evil; in thy faithfulness put an end to them.
Cover	He shall reward evil unto mine enemies; destroy thou them in thy truth.
Knox	Let the blow recoil on my persecutors; ever faithful to thy word, do thou overthrow them.
Collegeville	Turn back the evil, against my foes, and in Your truth destroy them.
Grail	Let the evil recoil upon my foes; you who are faithful, destroy them.

How to read imprecatory verses

Given modern struggles with this verse, it is worth first taking the advice of the Fathers and Theologians on how to read this and other similar verses. 

Noting that it seems at first blush to contradict Christ’s instruction to pray for our enemies, St Thomas Aquinas suggested that the verse is first and foremost a prediction more than a request.

St Thomas saw it also though, as a prayer for the world to be conformed to divine justice.

The first phrase of the verse can certainly be read as a plea for karma, as it were, to prevail: for the harm intended to the psalmist to rebound on the one seeking to do him harm.  

In this light, St Augustine portrayed the verse as a warning to us not to be diverted from the right path by the lures of the ephemeral:

Because to wit they flourish now, because to wit they spring up like grass: do not thou be a man unwise and foolish, so that by giving thought to these things thou perish for ever and ever. For, Turn Thou away evil things unto mine enemies…These men flourish in the felicity of the world, perish in the virtue of God.

Confronting sinners with the truth: a prayer for conversion

Aquinas, though, interpreted the verse as a prayer for the conversion of sinners.

In particular, the first phrase of the verse can also be interpreted as a call for the evil intention to be removed from the person seeking to the speaker harm, as St Cassiodorus suggested:

Since the prophet knew that he had been freed by the Lord's pity from the persecution of his enemies, he is seen to offer this sacrifice of good-will. He strives on behalf of his enemies by every means to offer the prayer which the divine love is wont gladly to accept. So he prays that ill-will be removed from his enemies, for he knew that they would be weighed down by it.

This interpretation of the verse particularly flows from the second phrase though, for it presents the key to the conversion of sinners as being confrontation with the truth:

When evil men approach the truth, they abandon their earlier intention; if a man does not forsake his wicked plan, he will not take part in goodly actions. So the psalmist prays that the men of Ziph may fail to betray his hidden person, and that Saul may fail to persecute him in his innocence.

I am the way, the truth and the life

The key application of the verse, is of course, to the Resurrection of Christ, as St Hilary of Poitiers explained:

Truth confounds falsehood, and lying is destroyed by truth. We have shown that the whole of the foregoing prayer is the utterance of that human nature in which the Son of God was born; so here it is the voice of human nature calling upon God the Father to destroy His enemies in His truth. What this truth is, stands beyond doubt; it is of course He Who said: I am the Life, the Way, the Truth. And the enemies were destroyed by the truth when, for all their attempts to win Christ's condemnation by false witness, they heard that He was risen from the dead and had to admit that He had resumed His glory in all the reality of Godhead.

And, he explained, that while many converted after the Resurrection and lived, there was indeed a price to pay for those who did not heed the message:

Ere long they found, in ruin and destruction by famine and war, their reward for crucifying God; for they condemned the Lord of Life to death, and paid no heed to God's truth displayed in Him through His glorious works. And thus the Truth of God destroyed them when He rose again to resume the majesty of His Father's Glory, and gave proof of the truth of that perfect Divinity which He possessed.

Vulgate	Douay-Rheims
In finem, in carminibus. Intellectus David, 2 cum venissent Ziphæi, et dixissent ad Saul : Nonne David absconditus est apud nos?	Unto the end, in verses, understanding for David. 2 When the men of Ziph had come and said to Saul: Is not David hidden with us?
1 Deus, in nómine tuo salvum me fac: * et in virtúte tua júdica me.	3 Save me, O God, by your name, and judge me in your strength.
2  Deus, exáudi oratiónem meam: * áuribus pércipe verba oris mei.	4 O God, hear my prayer: give ear to the words of my mouth.
3  Quóniam aliéni insurrexérunt advérsum me, et fortes quæsiérunt ánimam meam: * et non proposuérunt Deum ante conspéctum suum.	5 For strangers have risen up against me; and the mighty have sought after my soul: and they have not set God before their eyes.
4 Ecce enim Deus ádjuvat me: * et Dóminus suscéptor est ánimæ meæ.	6 For behold God is my helper: and the Lord is the protector of my soul.
5  Avérte mala inimícis meis: * et in veritáte tua dispérde illos.	7 Turn back the evils upon my enemies; and cut them off in your truth.
6  Voluntárie sacrificábo tibi, * et confitébor nómini tuo, Dómine: quóniam bonum est :	8 I will freely sacrifice to you, and will give praise, O God, to your name: because it is good:
7  Quóniam ex omni tribulatióne eripuísti me: * et super inimícos meos despéxit óculus meus.	9 For you have delivered me out of all trouble: and my eye has looked down upon my enemies.

And for the next part in this series, go here.