Tuesday, January 16, 2018
Tuesday, January 9, 2018
Footnote to the series on Psalm 2: Psalm 2 in the Benedictine Office
Over the course of my recent mini-series on Psalm 2 I tried to draw out some of the connections of the psalm to the Christmas season, as well as to Benedictine spirituality more generally.
I thought it might be useful to conclude the series by drawing together a few key strands of my thinking, and inviting comments on my particular take on the psalm.
Liturgy as Scriptural commentary
One of the key premises of this blog is that the texts of the liturgy in general - and the Benedictine Office in particular - are not simply random or mere mechanistic assemblies of texts designed to suit the convenience of their users, but rather carefully constructed spiritual edifices, intended to convey, whether we realise it explicitly or not, deep meanings.
Some psalms are rather easier to interpret in this regard than others - the reasons for the use of Psalm 2 in the Christmas liturgy, for example, is reasonably obvious. The psalm was also used as a responsory on the Sundays after Epiphany in Rome (preserving one of the 'old Roman' chants, presumably because of its connection both to the Incarnation and Christ's kingship, key themes of the season.
Some of the deeper meanings of the psalms though, particularly when we read them in the context of the liturgy, require us to recover the mindset of those who decided on their positioning, requiring the use of Patristic methods of interpretation.
Psalm 2 and Benedictine spirituality
So why, then, does St Benedict allocate Psalm 2 to Monday Prime?
I noted in the introduction to this mini-series on Psalm 2 that the overarching themes of the psalm fit very well with that of the other psalms set for Prime across the week, such as God's constant scrutiny of us from above; Christ as the first and last, the essential foundation for the ascent through grace; and the kingship of Christ.
It is probably relevant too, that the psalm articulates the first of St Benedict's steps of humility, fear of the Lord.
Psalm 2 and the Incarnation
But the more fundamental reason for its use on Monday, I would suggest, lies in that verse used in the Christmas Introit, 'Thou art my son, this day have I begotten Thee'.
The Benedictine Office, I've previously argued, includes a weekly cycle around the life of Christ.
The idea that the liturgical week should involve a repeated remembrance of the key events in the life of Christ is first clearly articulated, as far as I can find, by Pope Innocent I, in a letter defending the Roman practice of fasting on Saturdays, written in 414 AD. He said:
Sunday's canticle (from Daniel 3), Maurus notes, refers to the work of creation.
But there is another key Christological focus appropriate to the day - aside from the Resurrection referred to by Pope Innocent - for on Sunday at Vespers, Psalm 109 proclaims the eternal generation of the son ('from the womb before the day-star have I begotten Thee').
On Monday (feria secunda), the emphasis shifts to the Incarnation, as Maurus summarises:
I do hope you enjoyed this series and found it useful. Comments, corrections or alternative interpretations are most welcome.
I thought it might be useful to conclude the series by drawing together a few key strands of my thinking, and inviting comments on my particular take on the psalm.
Liturgy as Scriptural commentary
One of the key premises of this blog is that the texts of the liturgy in general - and the Benedictine Office in particular - are not simply random or mere mechanistic assemblies of texts designed to suit the convenience of their users, but rather carefully constructed spiritual edifices, intended to convey, whether we realise it explicitly or not, deep meanings.
Some psalms are rather easier to interpret in this regard than others - the reasons for the use of Psalm 2 in the Christmas liturgy, for example, is reasonably obvious. The psalm was also used as a responsory on the Sundays after Epiphany in Rome (preserving one of the 'old Roman' chants, presumably because of its connection both to the Incarnation and Christ's kingship, key themes of the season.
Some of the deeper meanings of the psalms though, particularly when we read them in the context of the liturgy, require us to recover the mindset of those who decided on their positioning, requiring the use of Patristic methods of interpretation.
Psalm 2 and Benedictine spirituality
So why, then, does St Benedict allocate Psalm 2 to Monday Prime?
I noted in the introduction to this mini-series on Psalm 2 that the overarching themes of the psalm fit very well with that of the other psalms set for Prime across the week, such as God's constant scrutiny of us from above; Christ as the first and last, the essential foundation for the ascent through grace; and the kingship of Christ.
It is probably relevant too, that the psalm articulates the first of St Benedict's steps of humility, fear of the Lord.
Psalm 2 and the Incarnation
But the more fundamental reason for its use on Monday, I would suggest, lies in that verse used in the Christmas Introit, 'Thou art my son, this day have I begotten Thee'.
The Benedictine Office, I've previously argued, includes a weekly cycle around the life of Christ.
The idea that the liturgical week should involve a repeated remembrance of the key events in the life of Christ is first clearly articulated, as far as I can find, by Pope Innocent I, in a letter defending the Roman practice of fasting on Saturdays, written in 414 AD. He said:
If in fact we celebrate the Lord’s Day [Sunday] because of our Lord Jesus Christ’s resurrection—doing so not only at Easter but each week renewing the image of this feast—and if we fast on Friday because of the Lord’s suffering, then we should not omit Saturday which appears to be enclosed between a time of sorrow and a time of joy. In fact, it is evident that during these two days the apostles were in sorrow and hid themselves, doing so because of their fear of the Jews...This practice is to be observed each week so that the commemoration of this day be always observed...(trans Lawrence Johnson, Worship in the Early Church vol 3, pg 97)In the case of the Office, the eighth century commentary by Amalarius of Metz (c 775-850) includes explanations of the texts for Lauds in relation to the day of the week in relation to the Roman Office, but it is the commentary on the Lauds (OT 'ferial') canticles by his contemporary, the great Benedictine Rabanus Maurus (780-856) that is perhaps most helpful for our purposes here.
Sunday's canticle (from Daniel 3), Maurus notes, refers to the work of creation.
But there is another key Christological focus appropriate to the day - aside from the Resurrection referred to by Pope Innocent - for on Sunday at Vespers, Psalm 109 proclaims the eternal generation of the son ('from the womb before the day-star have I begotten Thee').
On Monday (feria secunda), the emphasis shifts to the Incarnation, as Maurus summarises:
On Monday, truly the second day, the canticle of Isaiah, in which the coming of the Saviour and the sacrament of baptism is preached, is decreed to be said, because these are the beginning of our salvation.Psalm 2, it seems to me, is key to the development of that theme, and the separation of the two verses on Christ's generation (Psalms 109 and 2) between the two days serves to emphasize the distinction in the meaning of the respective verses.
I do hope you enjoyed this series and found it useful. Comments, corrections or alternative interpretations are most welcome.
Saturday, January 6, 2018
Put your trust in God - Psalm 2 v 13
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| c1700 |
Today the the last set of verse by verse notes on Psalm 2.
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13 |
V/R/ NV |
Cum exárserit
in brevi ira ejus: * beáti omnes qui confídunt in eo. |
|
JH |
cum exarserit post paululum furor
eius beati omnes qui sperant in eum |
|
|
Sept |
ὅταν ἐκκαυθῇ ἐν τάχει ὁ θυμὸς αὐτοῦ
μακάριοι πάντες οἱ πεποιθότες ἐ{P'} αὐτῷ |
exardeo, arsi, arsum, ere 2, to kindle, to flame or break forth, break out
brevis, e With regard to time, short. With regard to number, small
confido, fisus sum, ere 3, to trust, to have or place confidence in.
DR
|
When his wrath shall be kindled in a short time,
blessed are all they that trust in him.
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Brenton
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whensoever his wrath shall
be suddenly kindled, blessed are all they that trust in him.
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MD
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For soon his wrath will be enkindled, Blessed are all that trust in Him
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RSV
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For his wrath is quickly
kindled. Blessed are all who take refuge in him.
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Cover
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if his wrath be kindled, yea but a little.
Blessed are all they that put their trust in him.
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Knox
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When the fire of his
vengeance blazes out suddenly, happy are they who find their refuge in him.
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Grail
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for suddenly his anger will
blaze. Blessed are they who put their trust in God.
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The reference to a short time in this verse is generally interpreted as referring not to our individual punishment, but to the Second Coming: St Thomas Aquinas for example points to 1 Cor 15: In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. The message is, don't put off your repentance!
St Augustine notes that those who put their trust in God, on the other hand, who have served God with their whole heart, can have confidence that they will be blessed:
That is, when the vengeance shall come which is prepared for the ungodly and for sinners, not only will it not light on those who put their trust in the Lord, but it will even avail for the foundation and exaltation of a kingdom for them. For he said not, When His anger shall be shortly kindled, safe are all they who put their trust in Him, as though they should have this only thereby, to be exempt from punishment; but he said, blessed; in which there is the sum and accumulation of all good things.Happy Epiphany!
Psalm 2: Quare fremuérunt Gentes
Vulgate
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Douay
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Quare fremuérunt Gentes: * et pópuli meditáti sunt inánia?
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Why have the Gentiles raged, and the people devised vain things?
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2 Astitérunt reges terræ, et príncipes convenérunt in unum * advérsus Dóminum, et advérsus Christum ejus.
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The kings of the earth stood up, and the princes met together, against the Lord, and against his Christ.
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3 Dirumpámus víncula eórum: * et projiciámus a nobis jugum ipsórum.
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Let us break their bonds asunder: and let us cast away their yoke from us.
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4. Qui hábitat in cælis, irridébit eos: * et Dóminus subsannábit eos.
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He that dwells in heaven shall laugh at them: and the Lord shall deride them.
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5 Tunc loquétur ad eos in ira sua, * et in furóre suo conturbábit eos.
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Then shall he speak to them in his anger, and trouble them in his rage.
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6 Ego autem constitútus sum Rex ab eo super Sion montem sanctum ejus, * prædicans præcéptum ejus.
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But I am appointed king by him over Sion, his holy mountain, preaching his commandment.
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7 Dóminus dixit ad me: * Fílius meus es tu, ego hódie génui te.
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The Lord has said to me: You are my son, this day have I begotten you.
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8 Póstula a me, et dábo tibi Gentes hereditátem tuam, * et possessiónem tuam términos terræ.
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Ask of me, and I will give you the Gentiles for your inheritance, and the utmost parts of the earth for your possession
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9 Reges eos in virga férrea, * et tamquam vas fíguli confrínges eos.
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You shall rule them with a rod of iron, and shall break them in pieces like a potter's vessel.
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10 Et nunc, reges, intellígite: * erudímini, qui judicátis terram.
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And now, O you kings, understand: receive instruction, you that judge the earth.
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11 Servíte Dómino in timóre: * et exsultáte ei cum tremóre.
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Serve the Lord with fear: and rejoice unto him with trembling.
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12 Apprehéndite disciplínam, nequándo irascátur Dóminus, * et pereátis de via justa.
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Embrace discipline, lest at any time the Lord be angry, and you perish from the just way.
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13 Cum exárserit in brevi ira ejus: * beáti omnes qui confídunt in eo.
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When his wrath shall be kindled in a short time, blessed are all they that trust in him.
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And you can find some concluding comments on Psalm 2 here.
Friday, January 5, 2018
Practice obedience - Psalm 2 - v12
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| Hans Holbein the Elder - The Yorck Project |
12
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V
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Apprehéndite disciplínam,
nequándo irascátur Dóminus, * et pereátis de via justa.
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Rom/OR
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adprehendite disciplinam nequando irascatur Dominus et pereatis de via iusta
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NV
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Apprehendite disciplinam, ne quando irascatur, et pereatis de via,
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JH
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adorate pure ne forte irascatur et pereatis de via
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Sept
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δράξασθε παιδείας μήποτε ὀργισθῇ κύριος καὶ ἀπολεῖσθε ἐξ ὁδοῦ δικαίας
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apprehendo, prehendi, prehensum, ere 3 to seize, take, lay hold of, embrace, understand, comprehend
disciplina, ae, instruction, correction (2) discipline, chastening visitation (3) discernment, good judgment.
nequando, conj., (ne quando, for ne aliquando), lest, that not, lest at any time.
irascor, iratus sum, irasci (ira), to be angry or wrathful. (1) Of God. (2) Of men
pereo, ii, itum, ire, (1) to perish, come to naught, be lost. (2) to stray, be lost.
de +abl from, away from, down from, out of
via, ae, a way, road, path, street. God's way, way of life,
justus, a, um (1) Of God: just. (2) Of men: as a subst., a just man, the just.
DR
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Embrace discipline, lest at
any time the Lord be angry, and you perish from the just way.
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Brenton
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Accept correction, lest at
any time the Lord be angry, and ye should perish from the righteous way:
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MD
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Learn ye discipline…
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RSV
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kiss his feet, lest he be
angry, and you perish in the way;
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Cover
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Kiss the Son, lest he be
angry, and so ye perish from the right way,
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Knox
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Kiss the rod, do not brave
his anger, and go astray from the sure path.
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Grail
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pay him your homage lest he
be angry and you perish;
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In the previous verses, the 'kings of the world' have been confronted with the knowledge of Christ. In this verse, they are instructed to put virtue into practice, for, Thedoret of Cyrus notes:
Perfection, you see, requires not only the acquisition of knowledge of God; rather it is necessary as well to pursue the practice of virtue, and then with that to your credit you will travel by the sure path.St Augustine suggests that the first phrase of the verse means to understand and be instructed:
For to understand and be instructed, this is to lay hold of discipline. Still in that it is said, 'lay hold of', it is plainly enough intimated that there is some protection and defence against all things which might do hurt unless with so great carefulness it be laid hold of.But it can also mean, accept the chastisements that come our way, for we can grow spiritually through them, as St Cyprian explains:
And from Solomon we have received the mandates of wisdom, warning us: “My son, despise not thou the discipline of the Lord, nor faint when thou art rebuked of Him: for whom the Lord loveth He correcteth.” But if God rebukes whom He loves, and rebukes him for the very purpose of amending him, brethren also, and especially priests, do not hate, but love those whom they rebuke, that they may mend them; since God also before predicted by Jeremiah, and pointed to our times, when he said, “And I will give you shepherds according to my heart: and they shall feed you with the food of discipline.”We should, of course live rightly not out of fear of punishment, but out of love. Nonetheless, servile fear can be a necessary motivator, as St Augustine notes:
This is a great punishment, and dreaded by those who have had any perception of the sweetness of righteousness; for he who perishes from the way of righteousness, in much misery will wander through the ways of unrighteousness.
Even kings, St Robert Bellarmine notes, should 'embrace obedience and be
instructed with great fervour'.
Psalm 2: Quare fremuérunt Gentes
Vulgate
|
Douay
|
Quare fremuérunt Gentes: * et pópuli meditáti sunt inánia?
|
Why have the Gentiles raged, and the people devised vain things?
|
2 Astitérunt reges terræ, et príncipes convenérunt in unum * advérsus Dóminum, et advérsus Christum ejus.
|
The kings of the earth stood up, and the princes met together, against the Lord, and against his Christ.
|
3 Dirumpámus víncula eórum: * et projiciámus a nobis jugum ipsórum.
|
Let us break their bonds asunder: and let us cast away their yoke from us.
|
4. Qui hábitat in cælis, irridébit eos: * et Dóminus subsannábit eos.
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He that dwells in heaven shall laugh at them: and the Lord shall deride them.
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5 Tunc loquétur ad eos in ira sua, * et in furóre suo conturbábit eos.
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Then shall he speak to them in his anger, and trouble them in his rage.
|
6 Ego autem constitútus sum Rex ab eo super Sion montem sanctum ejus, * prædicans præcéptum ejus.
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But I am appointed king by him over Sion, his holy mountain, preaching his commandment.
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7 Dóminus dixit ad me: * Fílius meus es tu, ego hódie génui te.
|
The Lord has said to me: You are my son, this day have I begotten you.
|
8 Póstula a me, et dábo tibi Gentes hereditátem tuam, * et possessiónem tuam términos terræ.
|
Ask of me, and I will give you the Gentiles for your inheritance, and the utmost parts of the earth for your possession
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9 Reges eos in virga férrea, * et tamquam vas fíguli confrínges eos.
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You shall rule them with a rod of iron, and shall break them in pieces like a potter's vessel.
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10 Et nunc, reges, intellígite: * erudímini, qui judicátis terram.
|
And now, O you kings, understand: receive instruction, you that judge the earth.
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11 Servíte Dómino in timóre: * et exsultáte ei cum tremóre.
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Serve the Lord with fear: and rejoice unto him with trembling.
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12 Apprehéndite disciplínam, nequándo irascátur Dóminus, * et pereátis de via justa.
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Embrace discipline, lest at any time the Lord be angry, and you perish from the just way.
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13 Cum exárserit in brevi ira ejus: * beáti omnes qui confídunt in eo.
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When his wrath shall be kindled in a short time, blessed are all they that trust in him.
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And for notes on the final verse of Psalm 2, continue on here.
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